George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He also served as the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.
Bush is the eldest son of George H. W. Bush (the 41st President) and Barbara Bush; he is one of only two Presidents to be the son of a preceding President (the other was John Quincy Adams).[4] After graduating from Yale University in 1968, and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in his family's oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the United States House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards to become Governor of Texas in 1994. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, receiving a majority of the electoral votes while losing the popular vote to then-Vice President Al Gore.
Eight months into Bush's first term as president, the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks occurred. In response, Bush announced a global War on Terrorism, ordered an invasion of Afghanistan that same year and an invasion of Iraq in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts,[5] the No Child Left Behind Act and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw a national debate on immigration and Social Security.[6]
Bush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004, garnering 50.7% of the popular vote to his opponent's 48.3%. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from conservatives.[7][8][9] In 2005, the Bush Administration dealt with widespread criticism over its handling of Hurricane Katrina. In December 2007, the
After leaving office, Bush returned to
George W. Bush
43rd President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
Preceded by Bill Clinton
Succeeded by Barack Obama
46th Governor of Texas
In office
January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000
Lieutenant Bob Bullock (1995–1999)
Rick Perry (1999–2000)
Preceded by Ann Richards
Succeeded by Rick Perry
Born July 6, 1946
New Haven, Connecticut
Birth name George Walker Bush
Nationality American
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Laura Bush
Children Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna Welch Hager
Residence Dallas, Texas
Crawford, Texas
Alma mater Yale University (B.A.)
Harvard Business School (M.B.A.)
Occupation Businessman
(oil, baseball)
Religion Episcopalian (before 1977) [1]
United Methodist (after 1977) [2][3]
Website Bush Presidential Library
Bush Presidential Center
The White House Archived
Military service
Service/branch Texas Air National Guard
Alabama Air National Guard
Years of service 1968–1974
Rank First Lieutenant
Childhood to mid-life
Main article: Early life of George W. Bush
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Bush was the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush (née Pierce). He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with his four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953.[17] Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. Bush's father, George H. W. Bush, served as U.S. Vice President from 1980 to 1988 and U.S. President from 1989 to 1993.
Education
As a child, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years.[18]
Bush finished his high school years at Phillips Academy, a boarding school (then all-male) in Andover, Massachusetts, where he played baseball and during his senior year was the head cheerleader.[19][20] Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history.[21] During this time, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternity's president during his senior year.[22][23] Bush also became a member of the Skull and Bones society as a senior.[24] He characterized himself as an average student.[25]
Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush attended the Harvard Business School, where he earned an MBA. He is the only U.S. President to have earned an MBA.[26]
Texas Air National Guard
See also: George W. Bush military service controversy
Lt. George W. Bush while in the
In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard.[27] After two years of active-duty service while training,[28] he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s out of Ellington Air Force Base.[29] Critics, including former Democratic National Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe and Russ Baker, have alleged that Bush was favorably treated due to his father's political standing, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores and his irregular attendance.[30] In June 2005, the United States Department of Defense released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain in its official archives.[31]
In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the Alabama Air National Guard, having moved to Montgomery, Alabama to work on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican Winton M. Blount. In October 1973, Bush was discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to inactive duty in the Air Force Reserve. He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, at the end of his six-year service obligation.[32]
Marriage and family
See also: Bush family
George and Laura Bush with their daughters Jenna and Barbara, 1990.
In 1977, he was introduced by friends at a backyard barbecue to Laura Welch, a schoolteacher and librarian. Bush proposed to her after a three-month courtship and they were married on November 5 of that year.[33] The couple settled in Midland, Texas. Bush left his family's Episcopal Church to join his wife's United Methodist Church.[2] In 1981, Laura Bush gave birth to twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara;[33] they graduated from high school in 2000 and from the University of Texas at Austin and Yale University, respectively, in 2004.
Prior to his marriage, Bush had multiple episodes of alcohol abuse.[34] In one instance, on September 4, 1976, he was arrested near his family's summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine for driving under the influence of alcohol. He pleaded guilty, was fined $150 and had his Maine driver's license suspended until 1978.[35]
Bush says his wife has had a stabilizing effect on his life,[33] and attributes influence to her in his 1986 decision to give up alcohol.[36] While Governor of Texas, Bush said of his wife, "I saw an elegant, beautiful woman who turned out not only to be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and willing to put up with my rough edges, and I must confess has smoothed them off over time."[33]
Early career
Main article: Professional life of George W. Bush
In 1978, Bush ran for the House of Representatives from Texas's 19th congressional district. His opponent, Kent Hance, portrayed him as being out of touch with rural Texans; Bush lost the election by 6,000 votes (6%) of the 103,000 votes cast.[37] He returned to the oil industry and began a series of small, independent oil exploration companies.[38] He created Arbusto Energy,[39] and later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984, his company merged with the larger Spectrum 7, and Bush became chairman.[38] The company was hurt by a decline in oil prices, and as a result, it folded into Harken Energy.[38][40] Bush served on the board of directors for Harken.[38] Questions of possible insider trading involving Harken arose, but the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) investigation concluded that the information Bush had at the time of his stock sale was not sufficient to constitute insider trading.[38][41]
Bush moved his family to Washington, D.C. in 1988 to work on his father's campaign for the
In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 Presidential re-election campaign as "campaign advisor".[47] The prior month, Bush had been asked by his father to tell White House chief of staff John H. Sununu that he should resign.[48]
Governor of Texas
Main article: George W. Bush as Governor of Texas
Governor Bush with wife, Laura, and father, former President George H. W. Bush, at the dedication of the George Bush Presidential Library, November 1997.
As Bush's brother, Jeb, sought the governorship of Florida, Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994
After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards.[38][50] In the course of the campaign, Bush pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain permits to carry concealed weapons. Richards had vetoed the bill, but Bush signed it after he became governor.[51] According to The Atlantic Monthly, the race "featured a rumor that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a tactic's making it into the public record — when a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps inadvertently, to be quoted criticizing Richards for appointing avowed homosexual activists' to state jobs".[52] The
Bush used a budget surplus to push through
In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record[38] 69% of the vote.[57] He became the first governor in
Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared.[38] Within a year, he decided to seek the Republican nomination for the presidency.
Presidential campaigns
2000 Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 2000
Bush in
Bush stands with supporters in Concord, New Hampshire after filing to run for the presidency
Primary
In June 1999, while Governor of
Bush portrayed himself as a compassionate conservative. He campaigned on a platform that included increasing the size of the United States Armed Forces, cutting taxes, improving education, and aiding minorities.[38] By early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and McCain.[38]
Bush won the Iowa caucuses, but, although he was heavily favored to win the New Hampshire primary, he trailed McCain by 19% and lost that primary. However, the Bush campaign regained momentum and, according to political observers, effectively became the front runner after the South Carolina primary, which according to The Boston Globe made history for its negativity; The New York Times described it as a smear campaign.[60][61][62]
General election
On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers by asking Dick Cheney, a former White House Chief of Staff, U.S. Representative, and Secretary of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then serving as head of Bush's Vice-Presidential search committee. Soon after, Cheney was officially nominated by the Republican Party at the 2000 Republican National Convention.
Bush continued to campaign across the country and touted his record as Governor of Texas.[38] Bush's campaign criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent Vice President Al Gore, over gun control and taxation.[63]
When the election returns came in on November 7, Bush won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the
2004 Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 2004
George W. Bush speaks at a campaign rally in 2004
In 2004 Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge. He appointed Kenneth Mehlman as campaign manager, with a political strategy devised by Karl Rove.[67] Bush and the Republican platform included a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,[68] support for the USA PATRIOT Act,[69] a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and same-sex marriage,[68][70] reforming Social Security to create private investment accounts,[68] creation of an ownership society,[68] and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls.[71] Bush also called for the implementation of a guest worker program for immigrants,[68] which was criticized by conservatives.[72]
The Bush campaign advertised across the
In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving a total of 286 electoral votes. He won an absolute majority of the popular vote (50.7% to his opponent's 48.3%).[73] The previous President to win an absolute majority of the popular vote had been Bush's father in the 1988 election. Additionally, it was the first time since Herbert Hoover's election in 1928 that a Republican president was elected alongside re-elected Republican majorities in both Houses of Congress. Bush's 2.5% margin of victory was the narrowest for a victorious incumbent President since Woodrow Wilson's 3.1% margin of victory against Charles Evans Hughes in the election of 1916.[74][75]
Presidency
Main articles: Presidency of George W. Bush, George W. Bush's first term as President of the United States, George W. Bush's second term as President of the United States, and George W. Bush Cabinet
Bush was sworn in as president on January 20, 2001. Though he originally outlined an ambitious domestic agenda, his priorities were significantly altered following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001.[76] Wars were waged in
Domestic policy
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration
Economic policy
Main article: Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration
Facing opposition in Congress, Bush held town hall-style public meetings across the
Under the Bush Administration, real GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.5%,[80] considerably below the average for business cycles from 1949 to 2000.[81][82] Bush entered office with the Dow Jones Industrial Average at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007 at over 14,000. When Bush left office, the average was at 7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.[83] Unemployment originally rose from 4.2% in January 2001 to 6.3% in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5% as of July 2007.[84] Adjusted for inflation, median household income dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007,[85] while Professor Ken Homa of Georgetown University has noted that "after-tax median household income increased by 2%"[86] The poverty rate increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2006 after peaking at 12.7% in 2004.[87] By October 2008, due to increases in domestic and foreign spending,[88] the national debt had risen to $11.3 trillion,[89][90] an increase of over 100% from the start of the year 2000 when the debt was $5.6 trillion.[91][92] By the end of Bush's presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2%.[93] The perception of President Bush's effect on the economy is significantly affected by partisanship.[94]
In December 2007, the United States entered the longest post-World War II recession,[95] which included a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis, soaring oil prices, and a declining dollar value.[96] In February, 63,000 jobs were lost, a five-year record.[97][98] To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus package which was intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2003,[99] and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector’s risky practices.[100][101] In September 2008, the crisis became much more serious beginning with the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac followed by the collapse of Lehman Brothers[102] and a federal bailout of American International Group for $85 billion.[103]
Many economists and world governments determined that the situation became the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.[104][105] Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan.[106] President Bush, meanwhile, proposed a financial rescue plan to buy back a large portion of the
In November 2008, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which marked the largest loss of jobs in the
Education and health
President Bush undertook a number of educational priorities. He increased funding for the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health in his first years of office, and created education programs to strengthen the grounding in science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising inflation.[111]
Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act into law, January 2002
One of the administration's early major initiatives was the No Child Left Behind Act, which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and poor student performance, provide options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to low-income schools. This landmark education initiative was signed into law by President Bush in early 2002.[112] Many contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by the fact that students in the U.S. have performed significantly better on state reading and math tests since Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into law.[113] Critics argue that it is underfunded[114] and that NCLBA's focus on "high stakes testing" and quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.[115]
After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a Medicare drug benefit program that, according to Jan Crawford Greenburg, resulted in "the greatest expansion in
Social services and Social Security
Following Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes to the Medicare program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits.[119] The retired persons lobby group AARP worked with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the first ten years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care".[120]
President Bush speaks at the United States Coast Guard
Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to reform Social Security,[121] which was facing record deficit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.[121] In his 2005 State of the Union Address, Bush discussed the potential impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his new program, which included partial privatization of the system, personal Social Security accounts, and options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (FICA) into secured investments.[121] Despite emphasizing safeguards and remaining open to other plans, Democrats opposed the proposal to partially privatize the system.[121]
Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning vigorously for his initiative in media events, known as the "Conversations on Social Security", in an attempt to gain support from the general public.[122] Despite the energetic campaign, public support for the proposal declined[123] and the House Republican leadership decided not to put Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda.[124] The proposal's legislative prospects were further diminished by the political fallout from the Hurricane Katrina in the fall of 2005.[125] After the Democrats gained control of both houses of the Congress as a result of the 2006 midterm elections, the prospects of any further congressional action on the Bush proposal were dead for the remainder of his term in office.
Environmental and energy policies
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration#Environment
Upon arriving in office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, citing that the treaty exempted 80% of the world's population[126] and would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year.[127] He also cited that the Senate had voted 95–0 in 1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol.
In 2002, Bush announced the Clear Skies Act of 2003,[128] aimed at amending the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through the use of emissions trading programs. It was argued, however, that this legislation would have weakened the original legislation by allowing higher levels of pollutants than were permitted at that time.[129] The initiative was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of committee.
President George W. Bush with Vice President Dick Cheney addressing the media at the State Department, August 14, 2006
Bush has said that he believes that global warming is real[130] and has noted that it is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over whether it's man-made or naturally caused".[131] The Bush Administration's stance on global warming has remained controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Many accusations have been made against the administration[132] for allegedly misinforming the public and not having done enough to reduce carbon emissions and deter global warming.[133]
In 2006, Bush declared the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument, creating the largest marine reserve to date. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument comprises 84 million acres (340,000 km²) and is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds, and other marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.[134] The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible area".[135]
In his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing alternative fuel production.[136] Amid high gas prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on offshore drilling.[137] The move was largely symbolic, however, as there is still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."[137] Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells... In the short run, the American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."[138]
In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush announced that the U.S. would commit $2 billion over the next three years towards a new international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "along with contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects more financially attractive". He has also announced plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies, and, through the United Nations, to complete an international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "this agreement will be effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."[139]
Stem cell research and first use of veto power
Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or destruction of human embryos through the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health has been forbidden by law since the passage in 1995 of the Dickey Amendment by Congress and the signature of President Bill Clinton.[140] Bush has said that he supports adult stem cell research and has supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell research. However, Bush did not support embryonic stem cell research.[141] On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells,[142] but the ability of these existing lines to provide an adequate medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can only be done on twelve of the original lines, and all of the approved lines have been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates safety issues that complicate development and approval of therapies from these lines.[143] On July 19, 2006, Bush used his veto power for the first time in his presidency to veto the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The bill would have repealed the Dickey Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of an embryo.[144]
Immigration
President Bush discusses border security with Homeland Security Director Michael Chertoff near the El Paso, Texas, United States-Mexico border, November 2005
In 2006, Bush urged to Congress allow more than twelve million illegal immigrants to work in the
The President also urged Congress to provide additional funds for border security and committed to deploying 6,000 National Guard troops to the Mexico – United States border.[146] In May-June 2007, Bush strongly supported the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the Bush administration.[147] The bill envisioned a legalization program for undocumented immigrants, with an eventual path to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and work site enforcement measures; a reform of the green card application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit" system for green cards; elimination of "chain migration" and of the Diversity Immigrant Visa; and other measures. Bush contended that the proposed bill did not amount to amnesty.[148]
A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, the majority of conservatives opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty provisions.[149] The bill was eventually defeated in the Senate on June 28, 2007, when a cloture motion failed on a 46-53 vote.[150] President Bush expressed disappointment upon the defeat of one of his signature domestic initiatives.[151] The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement measures that do not require a change in law.[152]
Hurricane Katrina
Main article: Political effects of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina, which was one of the worst natural disasters in
Bush shakes hands with New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin on September 2, 2005 after viewing the devastation of Hurricane Katrina
Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27,[154] and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day;[155] he authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action.[156] The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared that a major disaster existed in Louisiana,[157] officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national significance",[158] triggering the first use of the newly created National Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of
As the disaster in
Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys
Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the Justice Department's midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys.[167] The White House maintained that the
Although Congressional investigations have focused on whether the Justice Department and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage, no official findings have been released. On March 10, 2008, the Congress filed a federal lawsuit to enforce their issued subpoenas.[172] On July 31, 2008, a United States district court judge ruled that President Bush's top advisers are not immune from Congressional subpoenas.[173]
In August 2009, Karl Rove and Harriet Miers testified before the House Judiciary Committee. A Justice Department inquiry into the firing of
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
President George W. Bush, President of Mexico Vicente Fox and Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo" in Chichen Itza, March 30, 2006
Countries visited by President George W. Bush during his terms in office.
During his campaign for election as President, Bush's foreign policy platform included support for a stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "nation-building" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a national missile defense.[175] In response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, President Bush launched the War on Terrorism, in which the United States military and an international coalition invaded Afghanistan. In 2003, President Bush launched the invasion of Iraq, which President Bush viewed as being part of the War on Terrorism.[176]
Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq as well as the deaths of many Iraqis, with surveys indicating between four hundred thousand to over one million dead, excluding the tens of thousands of civilians in Afghanistan.[177][178][179]
Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser Karen Hughes to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine. In March 2006, he visited
September 11, 2001
Main article: September 11 attacks
President Bush addresses rescue workers at Ground Zero in
The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the Oval Office, promising a strong response to the attacks but emphasizing the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. On September 14, he visited Ground Zero, meeting with Mayor Rudy Giuliani and firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on a heap of rubble, to much applause:
“ | I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon.[182] | ” |
In a September 20, 2001 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or... share in their fate".[183]
War on Terrorism
Main article: War on Terrorism
Bush presents UK Prime Minister Tony Blair with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
After September 11, Bush announced a global War on Terrorism. The Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming with Osama bin Laden, so Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban regime.[184] In his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, he asserted that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran, and Iraq was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and growing danger".[185] The Bush Administration proceeded to assert a right and intention to engage in preemptive war, also called preventive war, in response to perceived threats.[186] This would form a basis for what became known as the Bush Doctrine. The broader "War on Terror", allegations of an "axis of evil", and, in particular, the doctrine of preemptive war, began to weaken the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support for Bush and United States action against al Qaeda following the September 11 attacks.[187]
Some national leaders alleged abuse by
Afghanistan
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
President George W. Bush and President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan appear together in 2006 at a joint news conference at the Presidential Palace in Kabul.
On October 7, 2001,
Efforts to kill or capture al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he escaped a battle in December 2001 in the mountainous region of Tora Bora, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.[196] Bin Laden and al Qaeda's number two leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as well as the leader of the Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large.
Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.[197] In 2006, the Taliban insurgency appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied offensives such as Operation Mountain Thrust attaining limited success.[198][199][200] As a result, President Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the country in March 2007.[201]
Iraq
Main article: Iraq War
Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of weapons of mass destruction.[185] In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi biological and chemical weapons, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions.[202][203] Claims that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point of criticism for the president.[204][205]
In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In November 2002, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in
President Bush, with Naval Flight Officer Lieutenant Ryan Philips, in the flight suit he wore for his televised arrival and speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln in 2003.
The war effort was joined by more than 20 other nations (most notably the
President Bush shakes hands with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.
In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in
On January 10, 2007 Bush addressed the nation from the Oval Office regarding the situation in
In March 2008 Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the Battle of Basra against the Mahdi Army, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free
On July 31, 2008, Bush announced that with the end of July, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number—thirteen—since the war began in 2003.[221] Due to increased stability in
Surveillance
Following the events of September 11, Bush issued an executive order authorizing the President's Surveillance Program which included allowing the NSA to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S and parties within the U.S. without obtaining a warrant as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act,[222] (as of 2009, the other provisions of program remained highly classified).[223] Once the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was subsequently re-authorized by the President on the basis that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists.[224] The program proved to be controversial, as critics of the administration, as well as organizations such as the American Bar Association, claimed it was illegal.[225] In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that the NSA electronic surveillance program was unconstitutional,[226] but on July 6, 2007 that ruling was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the grounds that the plaintiffs lacked standing.[227] On January 17, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight.[228]
Interrogation Policies
Bush authorized the CIA to use waterboarding as one of several enhanced interrogation techniques.[229][230][231] Between 2002 and 2003 the CIA considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, to be legal based on a secret Justice Department legal opinion claiming terror detainees were not protected by the Geneva Conventions' ban on torture.[232] The CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under authority given to it in the Bybee Memo from the Attorney General, though that memo was later withdrawn.[233] While not permitted by the U.S. Army Field Manuals which assert "that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information",[232] the Bush administration believed these enhanced interrogations "provided critical information" to preserve American lives.[234] Critics, such as former CIA officer Bob Baer, have stated that information was suspect, "you can get anyone to confess to anything if the torture's bad enough."[235]
On October 17, 2006, Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006,[236] a law enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision on Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006),[237] which allows the U.S. government to prosecute unlawful enemy combatants by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also denies them access to habeas corpus and bars the torture of detainees, but allows the president to determine what constitutes torture.[236]
On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082,[238] a bill that would have expanded Congressional oversight over the intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted under the United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations, saying that "the bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the war on terror".[239] In April 2009, the ACLU sued and won release of the secret memos that had authorized the Bush administration's interrogation tactics.[240] One memo detailed specific interrogation tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding as torture as well as that the form of waterboarding used by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the Justice Department.[241]
North Korea
Main article: North Korea–United States relations
Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North Korea one of three states in an "axis of evil", and saying that "the United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons".[185] Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of October 1994".[242] North Korea's October 9, 2006 detonation of a nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world".[185] Bush condemned North Korea's claims, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula", and stated that "transfer of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the United States", for which North Korea would be held accountable.[221] On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the
Syria
President Bush has been supportive of expanding economic sanctions on Syria.[246] In early 2007, the Treasury Department, acting on a June 2005 executive order, froze American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread weapons of mass destruction[247] and being supportive of terrorism.[248] Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in
Assassination attempt
On May 10, 2005, Vladimir Arutyunian, a native Georgian who was born to a family of ethnic Armenians, threw a live hand grenade toward a podium where Bush was speaking at Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili was seated nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005, confessed, was convicted and was given a life sentence in January 2006.[250]
Other issues
Bush, Mahmoud Abbas, and Ariel Sharon meet at the Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003
President Bush withdrew
Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-off in April 2001 with the People's Republic of China over the Hainan Island incident, when an EP-3E Aries II surveillance aircraft collided with a People's Liberation Army Air Force jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel. In 2003–2004, Bush authorized
Ukrainian PM Yulia Tymoshenko meeting with President Bush on April 1, 2008.
In his State of the Union Address in January 2003, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort.[252] This program is believed by some to be a positive aspect of Bush's legacy across the political spectrum.
On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and became the first president to visit
In 2002, Bush opened the 2002 Winter Olympics. Departing from previous practice, he stood among a group of
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush nominated John G. Roberts to succeed her. On September 5, following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist. Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief Justice on September 29, 2005.
On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connor's position; after facing significant opposition, her name was withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge Samuel Alito for the position and he was confirmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006.
Other courts
Main article: George W. Bush judicial appointments
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 61 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals and 261 judges to the United States district courts. Each of these numbers, along with his total of 324 judicial appointments, is third in American history, behind both Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Bush also experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies, as 39 people nominated to 27 federal appellate judgeships were blocked by the Senate Democrats either directly in the Senate Judiciary Committee or on the full Senate floor using a filibuster.[257]
Public image and perception
Domestic
Main article: Public image of George W. Bush
See also: Movement to impeach George W. Bush and Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush
approve disapprove unsure Gallup/USA Today Bush public opinion polling from February 2001 to January 2009. Blue denotes approve, red disapprove and green unsure. Large increases in approval followed the September 11 attacks, the beginning of the 2003 Iraq conflict and the capture of Saddam Hussein
Bush's upbringing in West Texas, his accent, his vacations on his
Bush's popularity was highly variable during his two terms. He began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%.[262] After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Bush gained an approval rating of 90%,[263] maintaining 80–90% approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50% during most of his first term.[11]
In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to someone whom the editors believe "has done the most to influence the events of the year".[264] In May 2004,
Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections.[267] While 73% of military personnel said that they would vote for Bush, 18% preferred his Democratic rival, John Kerry.[267] According to Peter Feaver, a Duke University political scientist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him more likely than Kerry to complete the War in Iraq.[267]
Bush's approval rating went below the 50% mark in AP-Ipsos polling in December 2004.[268] Thereafter, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. Bush received heavy criticism for his handling of the Iraq War, his response to Hurricane Katrina and to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, NSA warrantless surveillance, Plame affair and Guantanamo Bay detention camp controversies.[269]
Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37% approval ratings for Bush,[270] the lowest for any second-term president at that point of term since Harry S. Truman in March 1951, when Truman's approval rating was 28%,[268][271] which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 mid-term elections.[272] Throughout 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties,[273] although in an October 17, 2007 Reuters poll, Bush received a lower approval rating of 24%,[274] the lowest point of his presidency.[275]
President Bush thanks American military personnel, September 2007
By April 2008, Bush's disapproval ratings were the highest ever recorded in the 70-year history of the Gallup poll for any president, with 69% of those polled disapproving of the job Bush was doing as president and 28% approving.[276] In September 2008, in polls performed by various agencies, Bush's approval rating ranged from 19%—the lowest ever[277]—to 34%.[278][279] and his disapproval rating stood at 69%.[12][13][15][280][281] Bush left the White House as one of the most unpopular American presidents, second in unpopularity only to Richard Nixon.[282][283]
In response to his poll numbers and "worst president" accusations,[284][285] Bush said, "I frankly don't give a damn about the polls... to assume that historians can figure out the effect of the Bush administration before the Bush administration has ended is... in my mind... not an accurate reflection upon how history works."[286]
In 2006, 744 professional historians surveyed by New York-based Siena College regarded Bush's presidency as follows: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%.[287] Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said that "In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do."[287] Similar outcomes were retrieved by two informal surveys done by the History News Network in 2004[288] and 2008.[289]
A March 13, 2008, poll by the
Calls for Bush's impeachment were made, though most polls showed a plurality of Americans did not support the president's impeachment.[291] The reasoning behind impeachment usually centered on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,[292] the Bush administration's justification for the war in Iraq,[293] and alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions.[294] Representative Dennis Kucinich, a Democrat from Ohio, introduced 35 articles of impeachment on the floor of the House of Representatives against President Bush on June 9, 2008, but Speaker Nancy Pelosi declared that impeachment was "off the table".[295]
Bush's intellectual capacity has been satirized by the media,[296] comedians, and other politicians.[297] Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially termed as Bushisms.[298] Editorials in Harper's Magazine, Rolling Stone, The Washington Post, Common Dreams NewsCenter, and The Nation have referred to Bush as "the worst president ever".[299][300][301][302][303]
Foreign perceptions
President Bush with President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in late 2006
President Bush has been criticized internationally and targeted by the global anti-war and anti-globalization campaigns, particularly for his administration's foreign policy.[304][305] Views of him within the international community are more negative than previous American Presidents, with
Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships with Tony Blair and Vicente Fox, although formal relations were sometimes strained.[307][308][309] Other leaders, such as Afghan president Hamid Karzai,[310] Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,[311] Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero,[312] and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez,[313] have openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between himself and Vladimir Putin, which has led to a cooling of their relationship.[314]
Bush with several other dignitaries from around the world at the funeral of Pope John Paul II.
In 2006, a majority of respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.[315][316] In 2007, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the
President Bush presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Vatican, June 2004
A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the University of Maryland found that Bush was the most disliked leader in the Arab world.[318]
The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of 47 countries, a majority of respondents expressed "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush in only nine countries: Israel, India, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria and Uganda.[319]
During a June 2007 visit to the mostly Islamic Eastern European nation of Albania, Bush was greeted enthusiastically.
Post-presidency
President Bush's helicopter taking off following the inauguration of Barack Obama, January 20, 2009
Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, Bush and his family boarded a presidential helicopter typically used as Marine One to travel to Andrews Air Force Base.[323] Bush, with his wife, then boarded an Air Force Boeing VC-25 for a flight to a homecoming celebration in Midland, Texas. Because he was no longer President, this flight was designated Special Air Mission 28000, instead of Air Force One. After a welcome rally in
Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile.[325] His first speaking engagement occurred on March 17, 2009 in Calgary. He spoke at a private event entitled "A conversation with George W. Bush" at the Telus Convention Centre and stated that he would not criticize President Obama and hoped he succeeds, specifically stating, "[President Obama] deserves my silence."[326][327] During his speech, Bush announced that he had begun writing a book, which is expected to be published under the title Decision Points in 2010.[16] The book will focus on "12 difficult personal and political decisions" Bush faced during his presidency.[16] Bush also made a video-taped appearance on the June 11, 2009 episode of The Colbert Report, during the show's trip to Baghdad, Iraq. Bush praised the troops for earning a "special place in American History", and for their courage and endurance. He joked that it would come in handy, saying "I've sat through Stephen's stuff before", in reference to Colbert's performance at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association dinner, as well as The Colbert Report's history of criticizing Bush's administration.[328]
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